JavaRush /Blog Java /Random-ES /Patrones de diseño en Java [Parte 2]

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28 febrero 2021
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Patrones de diseño en Java [Parte 2]

Hola a todos. En mi tema anterior describí brevemente cada patrón, en este tema intentaré mostrar en detalle cómo usar los patrones.

Generativo

único

Descripción :

Limita la creación de una instancia de una clase y proporciona acceso a su único objeto. El constructor de clases es privado. El método getInstance()crea solo una instancia de la clase.

Implementación:

class Singleton {
    private static Singleton instance = null;
    private Singleton() {}
    public static Singleton getInstance() {
        if (instance == null) {
            instance = new Singleton();
		}
        return instance;
    }
    public void setUp() {
        System.out.println("setUp");
    }
}

public class SingletonTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args){
        Singleton singelton = Singleton.getInstance();
        singelton.setUp();
    }
}

Fábrica

Descripción :

Se usa cuando tenemos una superclase con múltiples subclases y, según la entrada, necesitamos devolver una de la subclase. La clase no sabe qué tipo de objeto debería crear. Los objetos se crean dependiendo de los datos entrantes.

Implementación:

class Factory {
    public OS getCurrentOS(String inputos) {
        OS os = null;
        if (inputos.equals("windows")) {
            os = new windowsOS();
        } else if (inputos.equals("linux")) {
            os = new linuxOS();
        } else if (inputos.equals("mac")) {
            os = new macOS();
        }
        return os;
    }
}
interface OS {
    void getOS();
}
class windowsOS implements OS {
    public void getOS () {
        System.out.println("применить для виндовс");
    }
}
class linuxOS implements OS {
    public void getOS () {
        System.out.println("применить для линукс");
    }
}
class macOS implements OS {
    public void getOS () {
        System.out.println("применить для мак");
    }
}

public class FactoryTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args){
        String win = "linux";
        Factory factory = new Factory();
        OS os = factory.getCurrentOS(win);
        os.getOS();
    }
}

Fábrica abstracta

Descripción :

Le permite seleccionar una implementación de fábrica específica de una familia de fábricas posibles. Crea una familia de objetos relacionados. Fácil de ampliar.

Implementación:

interface Lada {
    long getLadaPrice();
}
interface Ferrari {
    long getFerrariPrice();
}
interface Porshe {
    long getPorshePrice();
}
interface InteAbsFactory {
    Lada getLada();
    Ferrari getFerrari();
    Porshe getPorshe();
}
class UaLadaImpl implements Lada {// первая
    public long getLadaPrice() {
        return 1000;
    }
}
class UaFerrariImpl implements Ferrari {
    public long getFerrariPrice() {
        return 3000;
    }
}
class UaPorsheImpl implements Porshe {
    public long getPorshePrice() {
        return 2000;
    }
}
class UaCarPriceAbsFactory implements InteAbsFactory {
    public Lada getLada() {
        return new UaLadaImpl();
    }
    public Ferrari getFerrari() {
        return new UaFerrariImpl();
    }
    public Porshe getPorshe() {
        return new UaPorsheImpl();
    }
}// первая
class RuLadaImpl implements Lada {// вторая
    public long getLadaPrice() {
        return 10000;
    }
}
class RuFerrariImpl implements Ferrari {
    public long getFerrariPrice() {
        return 30000;
    }
}
class RuPorsheImpl implements Porshe {
    public long getPorshePrice() {
        return 20000;
    }
}
class RuCarPriceAbsFactory implements InteAbsFactory {
    public Lada getLada() {
        return new RuLadaImpl();
    }
    public Ferrari getFerrari() {
        return new RuFerrariImpl();
    }
    public Porshe getPorshe() {
        return new RuPorsheImpl();
    }
}// вторая

public class AbstractFactoryTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String country = "UA";
        InteAbsFactory ifactory = null;
        if(country.equals("UA")) {
            ifactory = new UaCarPriceAbsFactory();
        } else if(country.equals("RU")) {
            ifactory = new RuCarPriceAbsFactory();
        }

        Lada lada = ifactory.getLada();
        System.out.println(lada.getLadaPrice());
    }
}

Constructor

Descripción :

Se utiliza para crear un objeto complejo utilizando objetos simples. Poco a poco va creando un objeto más grande a partir de un objeto pequeño y simple. Le permite cambiar la representación interna del producto final.

Implementación:

class Car {
    public void buildBase() {
        print("Haciendo корпус");
    }
    public void buildWheels() {
        print("Ставим колесо");
    }
    public void buildEngine(Engine engine) {
        print("Ставим движок: " + engine.getEngineType());
    }
    private void print(String msg){
        System.out.println(msg);
    }
}
interface Engine {
    String getEngineType();
}
class OneEngine implements Engine {
    public String getEngineType() {
        return "Первый двигатель";
    }
}
class TwoEngine implements Engine {
    public String getEngineType() {
        return "Второй двигатель";
    }
}
abstract class Builder {
    protected Car car;
    public abstract Car buildCar();
}
class OneBuilderImpl extends Builder {
    public OneBuilderImpl(){
        car = new Car();
    }
    public Car buildCar() {
        car.buildBase();
        car.buildWheels();
        Engine engine = new OneEngine();
        car.buildEngine(engine);
        return car;
    }
}
class TwoBuilderImpl extends Builder {
    public TwoBuilderImpl(){
        car = new Car();
    }
    public Car buildCar() {
        car.buildBase();
        car.buildWheels();
        Engine engine = new OneEngine();
        car.buildEngine(engine);
        car.buildWheels();
        engine = new TwoEngine();
        car.buildEngine(engine);
        return car;
    }
}
class Build {
    private Builder builder;
    public Build(int i){
        if(i == 1) {
            builder = new OneBuilderImpl();
        } else if(i == 2) {
            builder = new TwoBuilderImpl();
        }
    }
    public Car buildCar(){
        return builder.buildCar();
    }
}

public class BuilderTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Build build = new Build(1);
        build.buildCar();
    }
}

Prototipo

Descripción :

Ayuda a crear un objeto duplicado con mejor rendimiento; en lugar de crear uno nuevo, se crea un clon devuelto del objeto existente. Clona un objeto existente.

Implementación:

interface Copyable {
    Copyable copy();
}
class ComplicatedObject implements Copyable {
    private Type type;
    public enum Type {
        ONE, TWO
    }
    public ComplicatedObject copy() {
        ComplicatedObject complicatedobject = new ComplicatedObject();
        return complicatedobject;
    }
    public void setType(Type type) {
        this.type = type;
    }
}

public class PrototypeTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ComplicatedObject prototype = new ComplicatedObject();
        ComplicatedObject clone = prototype.copy();
        clone.setType(ComplicatedObject.Type.ONE);
    }
}

Estructural

Adaptador

Descripción :

Usando un patrón, podemos combinar dos objetos incompatibles. Convertidor entre dos objetos incompatibles.

Implementación:

class PBank {
	private int balance;
	public PBank() { balance = 100; }
	public void getBalance() {
		System.out.println("PBank balance = " + balance);
	}
}
class ABank {
	private int balance;
	public ABank() { balance = 200; }
	public void getBalance() {
		System.out.println("ABank balance = " + balance);
	}
}
class PBankAdapter extends PBank {
	private ABank abank;
	public PBankAdapter(ABank abank) {
		this.abank = abank;
	}
	public void getBalance() {
		abank.getBalance();
	}
}

public class AdapterTest {//тест
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		PBank pbank = new PBank();
		pbank.getBalance();
		PBankAdapter abank = new PBankAdapter(new ABank());
		abank.getBalance();
	}
}

Compuesto

Descripción :

Agrupa múltiples objetos en una estructura de árbol usando una sola clase. Le permite trabajar con varias clases a través de un objeto.

Implementación:

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
interface Car {
    void draw(String color);
}
class SportCar implements Car {
    public void draw(String color) {
        System.out.println("SportCar color: " + color);
    }
}
class UnknownCar implements Car {
    public void draw(String color) {
        System.out.println("UnknownCar color: " + color);
    }
}
class Drawing implements Car {
    private List<Car> cars = new ArrayList<Car>();
    public void draw(String color) {
        for(Car car : cars) {
            car.draw(color);
        }
    }
    public void add(Car s){
        this.cars.add(s);
    }
    public void clear(){
		System.out.println();
        this.cars.clear();
    }
}

public class CompositeTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Car sportCar = new SportCar();
        Car unknownCar = new UnknownCar();
        Drawing drawing = new Drawing();
        drawing.add(sportCar);
        drawing.add(unknownCar);
        drawing.draw("green");
        drawing.clear();
        drawing.add(sportCar);
        drawing.add(unknownCar);
        drawing.draw("white");
    }
}

Apoderado

Descripción :

Representa objetos que pueden controlar otros objetos interceptando sus llamadas. Es posible interceptar la llamada al objeto original.

Implementación:

interface Image {
    void display();
}
class RealImage implements Image {
    private String file;
    public RealImage(String file){
        this.file = file;
        load(file);
    }
    private void load(String file){
        System.out.println("Загрузка " + file);
    }
    public void display() {
        System.out.println("Просмотр " + file);
    }
}
class ProxyImage implements Image {
    private String file;
    private RealImage image;
    public ProxyImage(String file){
        this.file = file;
    }
    public void display() {
        if(image == null){
            image = new RealImage(file);
        }
        image.display();
    }
}

public class ProxyTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Image image = new ProxyImage("test.jpg");
        image.display();
        image.display();
    }
}

peso mosca

Descripción :

En lugar de crear una gran cantidad de objetos similares, los objetos se reutilizan. Ahorra memoria.

Implementación:

class Flyweight {
    private int row;
    public Flyweight(int row) {
        this.row = row;
        System.out.println("ctor: " + this.row);
    }
    void report(int col) {
        System.out.print(" " + row + col);
    }
}

class Factory {
    private Flyweight[] pool;
    public Factory(int maxRows) {
        pool = new Flyweight[maxRows];
    }
    public Flyweight getFlyweight(int row) {
        if (pool[row] == null) {
            pool[row] = new Flyweight(row);
        }
        return pool[row];
    }
}

public class FlyweightTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int rows = 5;
        Factory theFactory = new Factory(rows);
        for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < rows; j++) {
                theFactory.getFlyweight(i).report(j);
            }
            System.out.println();
        }
    }
}

Fachada

Descripción :

Oculta un sistema de clases complejo al convertir todas las llamadas a un solo objeto. Realiza una llamada a múltiples objetos complejos en un solo objeto.

Implementación:

interface Car {
    void start();
    void stop();
}
class Key implements Car {
    public void start() {
        System.out.println("Вставить ключи");
    }
    public void stop() {
        System.out.println("Вытянуть ключи");
    }
}
class Engine implements Car {
    public void start() {
        System.out.println("Запустить двигатель");
    }
    public void stop() {
        System.out.println("Остановить двигатель");
    }
}
class Facade {
    private Key key;
    private Engine engine;
    public Facade() {
        key = new Key();
        engine = new Engine();
    }
    public void startCar() {
        key.start();
        engine.start();
    }
    public void stoptCar() {
        key.stop();
        engine.stop();
    }
}

public class FacadeTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Facade facade = new Facade();
        facade.startCar();
        System.out.println();
        facade.stoptCar();
    }
}

Puente

Descripción :

Separa la implementación y la abstracción, lo que permite cambiarlas libremente entre sí. Hace que las clases concretas sean independientes de las clases de implementación de la interfaz.

Implementación:

interface Engine {
    void setEngine();
}
abstract class Car {
    protected Engine engine;
    public Car(Engine engine){
        this.engine = engine;
    }
    abstract public void setEngine();
}
class SportCar extends Car {
    public SportCar(Engine engine) {
        super(engine);
    }
    public void setEngine() {
        System.out.print("SportCar engine: ");
        engine.setEngine();
    }
}
class UnknownCar extends Car {
    public UnknownCar(Engine engine) {
        super(engine);
    }
    public void setEngine() {
        System.out.print("UnknownCar engine: ");
        engine.setEngine();
    }
}
class SportEngine implements Engine {
    public void setEngine(){
        System.out.println("sport");
    }
}
class UnknownEngine implements Engine {
    public void setEngine(){
        System.out.println("unknown");
    }
}
public class BridgeTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Car sportCar = new SportCar(new SportEngine());
        sportCar.setEngine();
        System.out.println();
        Car unknownCar = new UnknownCar(new UnknownEngine());
        unknownCar.setEngine();
    }
}

Decorador

Descripción :

Agrega nueva funcionalidad a un objeto existente sin vincular su estructura.

Implementación:

interface Car {
    void draw();
}
class SportCar implements Car {
    public void draw() {
        System.out.println("SportCar");
    }
}
class UnknownCar implements Car {
    public void draw() {
        System.out.println("UnknownCar");
    }
}
abstract class CarDecorator implements Car {
    protected Car decorated;
    public CarDecorator(Car decorated){
        this.decorated = decorated;
    }
    public void draw(){
        decorated.draw();
    }
}
class BlueCarDecorator extends CarDecorator {
    public BlueCarDecorator(Car decorated) {
        super(decorated);
    }
    public void draw() {
        decorated.draw();
        setColor();
    }
    private void setColor(){
        System.out.println("Color: red");
    }
}

public class DecoratorTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Car sportCar = new SportCar();
        Car blueUnknownCar = new BlueCarDecorator(new UnknownCar());
        sportCar.draw();
        System.out.println();
        blueUnknownCar.draw();
    }
}

conductual

Método de plantilla

Descripción :

Le permite definir la base de un algoritmo y permite que las subclases anulen ciertos pasos del algoritmo sin cambiar su estructura general.

Implementación:

abstract class Car {
    abstract void startEngine();
    abstract void stopEngine();

    public final void start(){
        startEngine();
        stopEngine();
    }
}
class OneCar extends Car {
    public void startEngine() {
        System.out.println("Start engine.");
    }
    public void stopEngine() {
        System.out.println("Stop engine.");
    }
}
class TwoCar extends Car {
    public void startEngine() {
        System.out.println("Start engine.");
    }
    public void stopEngine() {
        System.out.println("Stop engine.");
    }
}

public class TemplateTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Car car1 = new OneCar();
        car1.start();
        System.out.println();
        Car car2 = new TwoCar();
        car2.start();
    }
}

Mediador

Descripción :

Proporciona una clase mediadora que maneja todas las comunicaciones entre diferentes clases.

Implementación:

class Mediator {
    public static void sendMessage(User user, String msg){
        System.out.println(user.getName() + ": " + msg);
    }
}
class User {
    private String name;
    public User(String name){
        this.name  = name;
    }
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    public void sendMessage(String msg){
        Mediator.sendMessage(this, msg);
    }
}

public class MediatorTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        User user1 = new User("user1");
        User user2 = new User("user2");
        user1.sendMessage("message1");
        user2.sendMessage("message2");
    }
}

Cadena de Responsabilidad

Descripción :

Le permite evitar una dependencia estricta del remitente de la solicitud de su destinatario, mientras que la solicitud puede ser procesada por varios objetos.

Implementación:

interface Payment {
    void setNext(Payment payment);
    void pay();
}
class VisaPayment implements Payment {
    private Payment payment;
    public void setNext(Payment payment) {
        this.payment = payment;
    }
    public void pay() {
        System.out.println("Visa Payment");
    }
}
class PayPalPayment implements Payment {
    private Payment payment;
    public void setNext(Payment payment) {
        this.payment = payment;
    }
    public void pay() {
        System.out.println("PayPal Payment");
    }
}

public class ChainofResponsibilityTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Payment visaPayment = new VisaPayment();
        Payment payPalPayment = new PayPalPayment();
        visaPayment.setNext(payPalPayment);
        visaPayment.pay();
    }
}

Observador

Descripción :

Permite que un objeto observe las acciones que ocurren en otros objetos.

Implementación:

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
interface Observer {
    void event(List<String> strings);
}
class University {
    private List<Observer> observers = new ArrayList<Observer>();
    private List<String> students = new ArrayList<String>();
    public void addStudent(String name) {
        students.add(name);
        notifyObservers();
    }
    public void removeStudent(String name) {
        students.remove(name);
        notifyObservers();
    }
    public void addObserver(Observer observer){
        observers.add(observer);
    }
    public void removeObserver(Observer observer) {
        observers.remove(observer);
    }
    public void notifyObservers(){
        for (Observer observer : observers) {
            observer.event(students);
        }
    }
}
class Director implements Observer {
    public void event(List<String> strings) {
        System.out.println("The list of students has changed: " + strings);
    }
}

public class ObserverTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        University university = new University();
        Director director = new Director();
        university.addStudent("Vaska");
        university.addObserver(director);
        university.addStudent("Anna");
        university.removeStudent("Vaska");
    }
}

Estrategia

Descripción :

Define una serie de algoritmos que permiten la interacción entre ellos. El algoritmo de estrategia se puede cambiar durante la ejecución del programa.

Implementación:

interface Strategy {
    void download(String file);
}
class DownloadWindownsStrategy implements Strategy {
    public void download(String file) {
        System.out.println("windows download: " + file);
    }
}
class DownloadLinuxStrategy implements Strategy {
    public void download(String file) {
        System.out.println("linux download: " + file);
    }
}
class Context {
    private Strategy strategy;
    public Context(Strategy strategy){
        this.strategy = strategy;
    }
    public void download(String file){
        strategy.download(file);
    }
}

public class StrategyTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Context context = new Context(new DownloadWindownsStrategy());
        context.download("file.txt");
        context = new Context(new DownloadLinuxStrategy());
        context.download("file.txt");
    }
}

Dominio

Descripción :

Le permite encapsular varias operaciones en objetos separados.

Implementación:

interface Command {
    void execute();
}
class Car {
    public void startEngine() {
        System.out.println("запустить двигатель");
    }
    public void stopEngine() {
        System.out.println("остановить двигатель");
    }
}
class StartCar implements Command {
    Car car;
    public StartCar(Car car) {
        this.car = car;
    }
    public void execute() {
        car.startEngine();
    }
}
class StopCar implements Command {
    Car car;
    public StopCar(Car car) {
        this.car = car;
    }
    public void execute() {
        car.stopEngine();
    }
}
class CarInvoker {
    public Command command;
    public CarInvoker(Command command){
        this.command = command;
    }
    public void execute(){
        this.command.execute();
    }
}

public class CommandTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Car car = new Car();
        StartCar startCar = new StartCar(car);
        StopCar stopCar = new StopCar(car);
        CarInvoker carInvoker = new CarInvoker(startCar);
        carInvoker.execute();
    }
}

Estado

Descripción :

Permite que un objeto cambie su comportamiento dependiendo de su estado.

Implementación:

interface State {
    void doAction();
}
class StartPlay implements State {
    public void doAction() {
        System.out.println("start play");
    }
}
class StopPlay implements State {
    public void doAction() {
        System.out.println("stop play");
    }
}
class PlayContext implements State {
    private State state;
    public void setState(State state){
        this.state = state;
    }
    public void doAction() {
        this.state.doAction();
    }
}

public class StateTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        PlayContext playContext = new PlayContext();
        State startPlay = new StartPlay();
        State stopPlay = new StopPlay();
        playContext.setState(startPlay);
        playContext.doAction();
        playContext.setState(stopPlay);
        playContext.doAction();
    }
}

Visitante

Descripción :

Se utiliza para simplificar operaciones en agrupaciones de objetos relacionados.

Implementación:

interface Visitor {
    void visit(SportCar sportCar);
    void visit(Engine engine);
    void visit(Whell whell);
}
interface Car {
    void accept(Visitor visitor);
}
class Engine implements Car {
    public void accept(Visitor visitor) {
        visitor.visit(this);
    }
}
class Whell implements Car {
    public void accept(Visitor visitor) {
        visitor.visit(this);
    }
}
class SportCar implements Car {
    Car[] cars;
    public SportCar(){
        cars = new Car[]{new Engine(), new Whell()};
    }
    public void accept(Visitor visitor) {
        for (int i = 0; i < cars.length; i++) {
            cars[i].accept(visitor);
        }
        visitor.visit(this);
    }
}
class CarVisitor implements Visitor {
    public void visit(SportCar computer) {
        print("car");
    }
    public void visit(Engine engine) {
        print("engine");
    }
    public void visit(Whell whell) {
        print("whell");
    }
    private void print(String string) {
        System.out.println(string);
    }
}

public class VisitorTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Car computer = new SportCar();
        computer.accept(new CarVisitor());
    }
}

Intérprete

Descripción :

Le permite definir una gramática de lenguaje simple para un dominio problemático.

Implementación:

interface Expression {
    String interpret(Context context);
}
class Context {
    public String getLowerCase(String s){
        return s.toLowerCase();
    }
    public String getUpperCase(String s){
        return s.toUpperCase();
    }
}
class LowerExpression implements Expression {
    private String s;
    public LoverExpression(String s) {
        this.s = s;
    }
    public String interpret(Context context) {
        return context.getLoverCase(s);
    }
}
class UpperExpression implements Expression {
    private String s;
    public UpperExpression(String s) {
        this.s = s;
    }
    public String interpret(Context context) {
        return context.getUpperCase(s);
    }
}

public class InterpreterTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String str = "TesT";
        Context context = new Context();
        Expression loverExpression = new LoverExpression(str);
        str = loverExpression.interpret(context);
        System.out.println(str);
        Expression upperExpression = new UpperExpression(str);
        str = upperExpression.interpret(context);
        System.out.println(str);
    }
}

Iterador

Descripción :

Accede secuencialmente a los elementos de un objeto de colección sin conocer su representación subyacente.

Implementación:

interface Iterator {
    boolean hasNext();
    Object next();
}
class Numbers {
    public int num[] = {1 , 2, 3};
    public Iterator getIterator() {
        return new NumbersIterator();
    }
    private class NumbersIterator implements Iterator {
        int ind;
        public boolean hasNext() {
            if(ind < num.length) return true;
            return false;
        }
        public Object next() {
            if(this.hasNext()) return num[ind++];
            return null;
        }
    }
}

public class IteratorTest {//тест
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Numbers numbers = new Numbers();
        Iterator iterator = numbers.getIterator();
        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
            System.out.println(iterator.next());
        }
    }
}

Recuerdo (Guardián)

Descripción :

Le permite guardar el estado actual del objeto; este estado se puede restaurar más tarde. No rompe la encapsulación.

Implementación:

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
class Memento {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    public Memento(String name, int age){
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
}
class User {
    private String name;
    private int age;
    public User(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        System.out.println(String.format("create: name = %s, age = %s", name, age));
    }
    public Memento save(){
        System.out.println(String.format("save: name = %s, age = %s", name, age));
        return new Memento(name, age);
    }
    public void restore(Memento memento){
        name = memento.getName();
        age = memento.getAge();
        System.out.println(String.format("restore: name = %s, age = %s", name, age));
    }
}
class SaveUser {
    private List<Memento> list = new ArrayList<Memento>();
    public void add(Memento memento){
        list.

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